Marian Catholic

New Eve

Establish thy word to thy servant, in thy fear.
Psalm 119, 38

And Mary said:
Behold the handmaid of the Lord;
be it done to me according to thy word.
And the angel departed from her.
Luke 1, 38

In Catholic theology, the Divine plan of salvation is centered around the birth of Jesus Christ, who is regarded as the Son of God and the redeemer of the world from sin and death. A pivotal figure in this plan is the Virgin Mary, chosen to be the mother of Jesus. It is important to recognize that Mary’s free will was respected, allowing her to decide whether to accept this profound role. According to Catholic belief, God desired Mary to respond affirmatively to the angel Gabriel’s announcement that she would conceive and bear a son called the Son of God. This response was not predetermined; Mary had the ability to refuse or hesitate. Her decision to consent freely and willingly was significant, as it exemplified her love and obedience to God, aligning with His divine nature. Mary’s choice to accept her role was essential for the incarnation of God as the Divine Word, enabling the fulfillment of His mission to save humanity.

Catholic theology distinguishes between God’s desires and His decrees, which is an important concept in understanding divine will. God’s antecedent will represents what He desires, while His consequent will refers to what He decrees. The Bible provides insight into God’s desires, highlighting that He wishes for everyone to be saved. This is supported by passages such as Ezekiel 18:23, 1 Timothy 2:4, and 1 John 2:2. However, there are also firm decrees from God, indicating that those who die in unrepentant sin will face eternal separation from Him, exemplified by verses like Matthew 25:41 and Luke 13:3.

An illustrative example of this distinction can be seen in the story of Mary, the mother of Jesus. God desired Mary to accept His will when He chose to become man, but this desire was not a decree; it was an invitation that allowed her the freedom to accept or reject. If Mary had chosen not to respond positively, what God desired (His antecedent will) would not have come to fruition. Nevertheless, God’s decree (His consequent will) assured Mary the freedom to choose motherhood for His only begotten son, a plan that would have been realized regardless of her decision.

The biblical narrative underscores a significant aspect of the relationship between God and humanity, particularly highlighting the concept of free will. This idea emphasizes that individuals have the ability to choose whether to accept or reject God’s will. If all humans were predetermined to unconditionally say “Yes” to God, it would imply that no soul could be lost. However, this would also negate our freedom to authentically love God and prioritize His will above all else. When individuals choose to reject God, they face the natural consequences of alienation and separation from Him. This separation is not portrayed as a punishment imposed by God but rather as a direct result of our own choices, as indicated in passages like Deuteronomy 30:19. It is crucial to recognize that God has endowed humanity with free will, allowing us the genuine capacity to say “Yes” or “No” to His will. God desires a relationship built on true love and a yearning for companionship. This sentiment is echoed in John 14:23, which emphasizes that our love for God forms the foundation of our relationship with Him. Consequently, we are responsible for choosing love and obedience, which ultimately guides us back into harmony with Him.

The Annunciation narrative touches on the concept of free will in relation to our Judeo-Christian beliefs. It posits that God desires individuals to follow His will voluntarily, rather than under compulsion. The rationale behind this is that forced obedience would lead to insincerity in one’s love and devotion to God. Therefore, people are granted the freedom to choose to accept or reject God’s will. A key illustration of this principle is the biblical account of the angel Gabriel’s visitation to Mary, the mother of Jesus. God did not compel Mary to consent to her role in His plan; instead, He allowed her the opportunity to choose, highlighting the importance of free will in her decision-making process. Mary’s affirmative response, her “Yes,” was pivotal as it led to the birth of Jesus Christ, who is central to the salvation narrative in Christianity. This discussion underscores the significance of free will within the relationship between humanity and God, using Mary’s choice as a powerful example of how free will can influence the course of history.

The doctrine of Scientia media posits that when God created Mary’s soul, He foresaw her free decision to participate in His plan for the Incarnation. This concept suggests that God understood with certainty how Mary would respond without needing to foresee the future in a humanly natural sense. An analogy for this is knowing the entire storyline of a book simply by inspecting its cover. While Mary possessed the free will to refuse, God’s knowledge of her eventual acceptance was infallible; He fully understood that she would say yes to Him. This does not imply that Mary lacked free agency; rather, her choice was aligned with divine preordination. Consequently, God’s Incarnation did not rely on Mary’s consent, but He intended for her to participate willingly and freely. Mary’s agreement, often referred to as her “fiat” (meaning “let it be done”), is significant within Christian theology. It serves as a model of faith and obedience for all believers.

In His infinite wisdom and foreknowledge, as opposed to predetermination, God knew Mary would say yes to His proposal. However, it is important to note that God did not force or coerce her into doing so in case she should say no. As an all-knowing and all-powerful being, God is not constrained by anything outside Himself. He knows everything that exists or will exist and thus was certain that Mary would willingly consent to His plan. Although God is not constrained, He obligates Himself to act righteously according to His moral attributes. God decreed that the angel Gabriel would visit Mary and seek her free consent to achieve His desired outcome of saving all people. This was not because God needed Mary’s permission. Still, Mary’s free and willing consent was of utmost importance to God because He wanted to include her in His plan and allow her to freely participate in His divine work (1 Cor 3:9). Her faith and obedience were exemplary, and she willingly accepted the role that God had given her. Elizabeth, Mary’s kinswoman, praised her for her faith, acknowledging her merit as Our Blessed Lady (Lk 1:45).

The Annunciation narrative illustrates the relationship between God and humanity and the concept of salvation in Christian theology. The Gospel of Luke emphasizes that God did not compel Mary to accept the role of becoming the mother of Jesus. The text suggests that if God had anticipated that Mary would decline, He would not have coerced her decision. This perspective highlights that it would not be fitting for God to impose His will on individuals created in His image. Furthermore, salvation is portrayed as conditional rather than automatic. This implies that humanity must reciprocate God’s love through obedience, mirroring Jesus’ actions. The writer asserts that individual salvation is contingent upon adherence to God’s laws, which are believed to be inscribed in the hearts of believers. Luke counters the notion that God orchestrated Adam’s sin with the intent of having Jesus redeem the Elect from eternal damnation. Instead, he advocates for the understanding that salvation is conditional; individuals must consciously choose to love and obey God to attain salvation and secure their eternal residence with Him.

The relationship between humanity and God is fundamentally covenantal, rooted in the creation narrative involving Adam. Adam’s free will choice to sin introduced the concept of original sin, which created the necessity for a redeemer and savior. This relationship underscores the importance of human cooperation with God’s saving grace and the gifts of the Holy Spirit as essential for glorifying God. A notable illustration of this is found in Mary’s Magnificat, a hymn of praise that emphasizes this theme. In this passage, Mary expresses that her soul glorifies the Lord and rejoices in God, her savior (Lk 1:46-49). Her willingness to accept God’s plan is crucial, as it highlights the role of human consent in the divine narrative of salvation. Without her agreement, the opportunity for rejoicing in this salvation would not have been possible.

It is essential to understand that personal righteousness cannot be achieved in isolation; rather, it requires collaboration with the Holy Spirit. According to Matthew 5:20, Jesus emphasizes that “unless [our] righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, [we] will never enter the kingdom of heaven.” This implies that true righteousness involves a divine element that comes from engaging with God’s saving grace and the gifts of the Holy Spirit. Therefore, to attain genuine righteousness, individuals must choose to align their efforts with this spiritual partnership.

The Annunciation marks a significant moment in Christian theology when Mary consented to become the mother of Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior. This event plays a crucial role in the faith journey of believers, as it allowed for the incarnation of Jesus, who came to save humanity from sin and provide a model for salvation. This process aligns with the teachings found in 1 John 1:7 and 3:3, which emphasize the importance of living in accordance with God’s will. Furthermore, free will is a vital component of our spiritual lives, as it enables individuals to develop the supernatural virtues necessary for sanctification and justification before God, ultimately fostering a deep connection with Him. Without free will, the ability to pursue these virtues and maintain a relationship with God would be compromised.

The necessity of the Son of Man suffering for humanity’s transgressions and dying as an expiation for sins is a central theme in Christian theology. According to Jesus, this was not merely an option; he stated, “Was it not necessary for the Messiah to endure these things and to enter into his glory?” (Lk 24:26). Furthermore, it was essential for Jesus to be “made of a woman” who had the capacity to accept or reject God’s will, paralleling the choice faced by Eve, to fulfill all righteousness (Gal 4:4). While God’s overarching plan did not depend on Mary’s response to the angel, the Incarnation itself did. In a similar vein, God did not depend on Eve’s decision to disobey, which ultimately led to the fall of Eden. Adam and Eve’s choice to disobey God was an act of free will rather than predetermined; if they were designed to sin, they would be considered morally blameless. The actions of Jesus, referred to as the New Adam, and Mary, known as the New Eve, exemplified their obedience and deep love for the Father. Their willingness to fulfill God’s will was instrumental in counteracting Adam and Eve’s disobedience, thus restoring the relationship between humanity and God.

The biblical text emphasizes God’s love and mercy toward humanity, highlighting His decision to reconcile the world to Himself through the sacrifice of His Son. It is noteworthy that God chose to become human to atone for sin, motivated by His profound love for mankind. For this divine plan to unfold, it was essential for a woman to accept this role with humility and love. That woman was Mary of Nazareth, the Virgin Mother of Jesus. Mary’s consent was crucial, as God desired her moral participation in the incarnation. In this context, her acceptance was deemed sufficient for the fulfillment of His plan. Equally significant was the sacrifice Jesus made; in His humanity, He affirmed His commitment to the Father’s will through His willingness to suffer and die for the sins of humanity. This act of self-sacrifice demonstrated His love and obedience. Mary’s role in saving humanity is substantial. By saying “Yes” to God’s plan, she became the mother of the Son of God, allowing God’s purpose for redemption to be realized. Through Mary, the world was reconciled to God, marking a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative.

Hence, God chose Mary to be the mother of Jesus Christ. He wanted her to accept His will and decreed that she could not say no if she wished to be saved along with all of humanity. Mary accepted God’s plan before her Divine Son accepted the Father’s will. Together, they brought the Lamb of God into the world, and through His acceptance, humanity was redeemed. Mary played a crucial role in the salvation of humanity. She followed God’s will, fully aware that it would be challenging and involve great sacrifices. Yet, her faith in God remained unwavering, and she trusted that He would guide her every step of the way. For this reason, the Holy Spirit overshadowed her, and she conceived and bore God’s holy Son (Lk 1:35). Mary’s “Yes” to God was a profound act of faith and obedience. She desired nothing but what God desired, and her willingness to surrender to His plan inspires believers worldwide. Her example teaches us that we, too, can trust in God’s plan for our lives, even when it is difficult or uncertain.

Mary of Nazareth is recognized for her profound faith and commitment to fulfilling God’s will. Her motivations were rooted not in seeking personal gain or rewards but in her deep love for God and a genuine concern for humanity. She believed in the necessity of redeeming the world’s sins through God’s infinite love and goodness, and she embraced her role in this divine plan. Mary’s compassion for humanity was especially evident in her acceptance of becoming the mother of the Savior. She approached this calling with humility and grace, understanding that her obedience would have a significant impact on the world. Her faith was steadfast, reflecting a belief that her actions would ultimately bring glory to God.

In her role, Mary exemplified the theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity, serving as a model for others. Her life illustrates the importance of these virtues for salvation, emphasizing that without them, the hope for redemption remains unattainable. Mary’s experience serves as a vital reminder of the essential nature of faith and obedience in the journey toward spiritual fulfillment and communion with God.

γένοιτό μοι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου

Mary received a visit from the angel Gabriel, who delivered a significant message from God before quickly departing. This encounter prompted Mary to align her will with God’s, thus embracing the angel’s message. The original Greek phrase that captures her response is “genoito moi kata to rhēma,” which translates to her acceptance of God’s plan in Aramaic as, “Be it to me what you have said.” Mary expressed her willingness to accept the role laid out for her within God’s overarching plan. She said, “May it be for me by God’s will,” reflecting her faith and commitment. This response is a powerful illustration of faith in action, demonstrating how Mary trusted in God’s intentions for her life despite any personal expectations she may have held. Her acceptance of God’s will exemplifies her deep faith and encourages others to align their lives with divine purpose and trust in God’s plan.

The term “genoito,” translated as “be it,” is significant in understanding the Blessed Lady’s response to God. It indicates that Mary did not merely accept God’s command passively, as a subordinate would out of fear. Instead, she embraced her free will with great joy and appreciation. This Greek word is derived from the verb “ginomai,” meaning “to come into being,” highlighting that our Blessed Lady actively fulfilled God’s word and joyfully facilitated the Incarnation of the Divine Logos. Mary’s profound joy in God was such that she found no true joy in the world apart from Him, which explains why she received the Divine Logos with both joy and love. Her willingness to surrender herself to God positioned her as the perfect vessel for this Incarnation, underscoring that the Divine Logos would not have entered the world without her joyful and loving acceptance.

Mary is often recognized for her faithful and devoted heart, particularly in her acceptance of God’s divine plan. When she learned that she was chosen to bear the Son of God, she embraced this role wholeheartedly, understanding the significance of God’s will being fulfilled through her (See her Canticle of Praise in Luke 1:50-55). Her profound love for the spirit of the Torah, as well as her commitment to justice and mercy, motivated her to take on this immense responsibility despite obscurity. Throughout her life, Mary demonstrated unwavering dedication to her faith, believing that every action should align with God’s will. She viewed her ultimate goal as pleasing Him, finding fulfillment in her devotion. The moment the Angel Gabriel announced that she would conceive Jesus, Mary’s humility and spirit of service allowed her to respond graciously, without seeking personal recognition. She acknowledged that true elevation comes from God, which is reflected in her recognition as His lowly handmaid (Lk 1:48). Mary’s steadfast faith and dedication make her a prominent figure in religious teachings. She exemplifies a life committed to serving and pleasing the Lord.

The Annunciation was a significant event rooted in Mary’s profound love and devotion to God and her humility. This humility positioned her as an ideal candidate for God’s plan of redemption, which aimed to reverse the disobedience stemming from Eve’s vanity and curiosity. In this context, God selected Mary as His chosen handmaid to counteract Eve’s disobedience by embodying humility and obedience. This selection was crucial for fulfilling the redemption plan, which is fundamentally based on God’s goodness and love. Through Mary’s faith and devotion, Jesus, the Son of God, rectified Adam’s sin and ultimately defeated the serpent, signifying a pivotal moment in salvation history.

Mary’s role extended beyond that of a nurturing mother to the new Adam; she was a faithful partner (co-Redemptrix) in restoring the fractured relationship between God and humanity. Her willingness to accept the divine call enabled her to contribute significantly to the redemption narrative, making her essential in God’s plan. By embracing her role with grace and humility, Mary serves as a model of faith and obedience for others, demonstrating how one can help mend the consequences of disobedience and foster a renewed relationship with God.

The appearance of the angel Gabriel to Mary marked a significant moment in history. During this encounter, Gabriel presented Mary with a divine proposition concerning the conception and birth of a son, to be named Jesus, before she even replied. This does not mean that the future event was already fixed, and she had no choice in the matter. Mary was not commanded to accept this role in the least. Instead, she was informed of God’s plan and given the freedom to choose her response. Fortunately, the angel made a proposition that was too good to refuse.

This interaction highlights the concept of free will, as God’s foreknowledge does not dictate human actions. From eternity, God knew that Mary, described as His faithful handmaid, would ultimately embrace this calling, finding her greatest joy in her relationship with Him. Mary’s response, a willing acceptance of her role, is seen as a profound act of faith and moral courage. Her affirmation of God’s will, despite the challenges it entailed, played a crucial role in the unfolding of salvation for humanity. The decision she made not only changed her life but also had a lasting impact on countless individuals around the world, continuing to serve as a source of inspiration for many.

In Catholic theology, it is believed that God foresaw that Mary, the mother of Jesus, would always accept His will, influenced by His actual graces and the guidance of the Holy Spirit. This understanding stems from the belief that God created each individual in Christ Jesus for good works prepared in advance for them to pursue, as stated in Ephesians 2:10. Mary, chosen for her unique role, exemplifies this idea. Some scholars suggest that the Apostle Paul may have referenced Mary when discussing the concept of being God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works.

The Holy Spirit’s overshadowing of Mary is closely tied to the belief that He was already present within her soul. This divine action was a response to her purity and chastity — attributes that made her a fitting vessel for the birth of the Lord. According to 1 Corinthians 3:16, Mary can be seen as a worthy temple of God among young maidens. In a display of remarkable humility, she has accepted her role as God’s creation with faith, recognizing that her existence is fundamentally linked to God, her Creator, as highlighted in 1 Corinthians 6:19. Through Mary, the scripture states, “the Word became flesh and dwelt among us” (Jn 1:14). Her soul, which “magnified the Lord” (Luke 1:46), served as a pure dwelling for the divine. It is emphasized that no worldly distractions or idols were present within her soul to contradict her holiness. Chosen to be the mother of God, Mary epitomizes a true servant of Israel, reflecting her status as God’s selected daughter, distinct from sinful humanity, as described in 2 Corinthians 6:16. Her sinless nature positions her as a sanctified vessel for God’s plan of salvation, signifying her unique role in the history of salvation for all humanity.

In Christian theology, it is believed that God imbued Mary with His Spirit at the moment of her conception, effectively sanctifying her soul from the very beginning of her existence. This divine action allowed Mary to remain free from original sin, a condition inherited by all humanity as a result of the sin of Adam and Eve. This preservation ensured that Mary would be pure and holy, enabling her to adhere fully to God’s will and walk in His statutes without falling from His grace, as referenced in scriptures such as Luke 1:28 and Jude 24-25. Importantly, this divine intervention did not infringe upon Mary’s free will. Instead, it is described as God being exceptionally persuasive, influencing her to remain aligned with His desires. Through the effectiveness of actual graces and the gifts of the Holy Spirit, Mary was empowered to consistently choose good, thus refraining from personal sin in thought, word, or deed. The Holy Spirit gave her the strength and wisdom necessary to make virtuous choices and avoid sin.

The life of Our Blessed Lady holds significant importance in Christian theology, as she was entrusted with the treasures of the Holy Spirit throughout her life. Mary demonstrated great care in safeguarding these treasures, which is exemplified by the moment when God sent His messenger, the Angel Gabriel, to present His proposal to her (Lk 1:30). As the mother of God, Mary was expected to maintain her grace and always find favor with Him. This expectation was fulfilled by her being preserved from original sin, which plays a crucial role in her veneration. Furthermore, her exceptional purity meant that she had no reason to fear Divine justice, highlighting her unique role in the Christian narrative.

The Annunciation is a significant event in which Mary is recognized for embodying the fruits of the Spirit, including love, joy, peace, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, humility, and a poverty of spirit. Her ability to live spiritually rather than in the flesh enabled her to conceive Christ as His Spirit dwelled within her. Mary’s divine motherhood stems from her close relationship with God and her commitment to her son, which began at her Immaculate Conception through God’s grace. This singular anointing uniquely equipped Mary to be a worthy mother of the Divine Messiah, setting her apart as the perfect vessel for Christ’s entry into the world. Her life is a powerful testament to the workings of the Holy Spirit, demonstrating how purity of heart and dedication to a divine purpose can facilitate profound spiritual outcomes.

“You have knowledge of all things, and you know that I hate the splendor of the wicked and abhor
the bed of the uncircumcised and of any alien. You know my necessity—that I abhor the sign of
my proud position, which is upon my head on days when I appear in public. I abhor it like a filthy
rag, and I do not wear it on the days when I am at leisure. And your handmaid has not eaten at
Haman’s table, and I have not honored the king’s feast or drunk the wine of libations. Your
handmaid has had no joy since the day that I was brought here until now, except in you, O Lord
God of Abraham. O God, whose might is over all, hear the voice of the despairing, and save us
from the hands of evildoers. And save me from my fear!”
Esther [C] 14, 14-19

The text highlights the parallels between Queen Esther and the Virgin Mary, focusing on their unwavering devotion to God and their compassion for humanity. Both figures exemplified deep trust in God’s mercy and compassion, especially towards those in need. Queen Esther, revered as a Jewish heroine, fervently prayed for her people during a time of captivity. In a similar vein, the Virgin Mary displayed profound sorrowful compassion for all of humanity, which many view as being in a state of exile. The term “Fiat,” associated with Mary, refers to her acceptance of God’s will, reflecting a sincerity akin to Esther’s prayers. Both women sought divine intervention and salvation for their respective people; however, Mary’s supplication was aimed at the broader redemption of humanity through the anticipated arrival of the Messiah. Mary recognized God’s intention to extend mercy to humankind, while also acknowledging that divine justice was essential to confronting humanity’s adversaries—namely, suffering and death. This awareness fueled her longing for the Messiah, who would ultimately vanquish death and offer eternal life to all who have faith in him.

When the Virgin Mary expressed her willingness with the words, “Be it done to me,” she demonstrated a profound desire to address the suffering resulting from humanity’s sinful inclinations. Mary recognized that only the power of God, manifested through His Messiah, could rescue the world from the darkness and chaos introduced by sin, contingent upon divine will. Her faith’s clarity and purity led her to understand that accepting God’s purpose would strike a critical blow against the prince of darkness and his malevolent followers, who had long afflicted the earth.

This pivotal acceptance would disrupt the dominion of sin and evil, instilling fear of divine justice among those who followed the prince of darkness. Mary knew that God’s wrath would be directed towards the origin of sin, while His love and compassion would be extended to His people. Her affirmative response to God was significant, reflecting her status as His beloved daughter and a woman aligned with His heart. Ultimately, Mary’s acceptance of God’s will represented a powerful act of faith and trust, setting the stage for the arrival of the Messiah and the salvation of all humanity.

The narrative surrounding Mary presents a remarkable account of her life and choices. She was approached with a significant request: to bear a child destined to inherit the throne of his father, David, and to establish a heavenly kingdom on earth by overcoming the dark ruler of this world, as mentioned in Luke 1:31-33. This extraordinary responsibility came with considerable risks and challenges. Despite these obstacles, Mary accepted the role of becoming the mother of the divine Messiah, fully aware of the weight of her decision. Mary’s willingness to embrace this role was met with the profound reality of God becoming incarnate, reflecting her alignment with divine will. Her character is often described as pure and untainted by pride or excessive desires. She expressed her devotion through her soul, which “magnified the Lord,” remaining untouched by earthly distractions or temptations. Unlike many of her contemporaries, Mary distanced herself from the opulence of earthly kings and the indulgence of idol worship. Instead, she found fulfillment solely in her relationship with the God of Abraham. Mary’s story serves as a powerful illustration of faith and highlights the potential rewards of placing trust in God.

Mary deeply believed in the Messiah, whom she regarded as her eternal King and Savior. Her belief brought her significant joy and comfort, as expressed in Luke 1:46-47, where she found solace in the idea that the Messiah would be her refuge and source of strength amidst a world often filled with wickedness. She hoped earnestly that the Messiah would come to fulfill the needs of the righteous who sought justice and to send away the wicked, leaving them with nothing despite their ill-gotten wealth. When Mary learned that she would give birth to the One destined to rule the world with a rod of justice, she was filled with excitement and anticipation (as referenced in Revelation 2:27 and 19:15). She believed that, from His throne, the Messiah would “scatter the proud in their conceit, cast down the mighty from their thrones, and lift up the lowly,” as stated in Luke 1:50-51. Mary’s unshakable faith in the Messiah reinforced her belief that He would usher in a world where justice and righteousness would prevail.

Mary is regarded as particularly blessed (eulogemene) among women due to her role as the Mother of God, as referenced in Luke 1:42. The emphasis in this text is not solely on her status, but rather on her faith and obedience to God’s word. It is her willingness to support God’s plan for humanity that qualifies her for the honor of being Jesus’s mother, as indicated in Luke 1:45. Furthermore, Jesus himself acknowledges that Mary is more blessed for her faith and perfect obedience to God than for her biological relationship to him, as noted in Luke 11:27-28. The Virgin Mary recognized as the handmaid of the Lord, is noted for her profound receptiveness to God’s word, which she cherished in the depths of her pure heart. Her motivations stemmed from a deep love for God, surpassing any attachment to created things. This perfect love is echoed in the scripture of 1 John 4:18, which emphasizes that love casts out fear.

Mary was predestined to become the Mother of God, a role foretold in the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14 and affirmed by the angel Gabriel in Luke 1:35. From the moment of her conception, she was graced with divine favor, which ensured her purity in both heart and body throughout her life. Her selection for the Divine Maternity endowed her with exceptional grace, preserving her inviolate in both body and soul. Importantly, her state of purity and sinlessness is attributed not to her own efforts but to the grace of God. This divine grace was essential for her to serve as a fitting vessel for the Incarnation, empowering her to fulfill her significant role as the Mother of God. Furthermore, it is believed that God safeguarded Mary from sin, allowing her to stand before His glorious presence without fault, as reflected in Jude 1:24-25. This notion underscores her unique position in the Christian tradition as a model of holiness and devotion.

The Old Testament outlines a significant progression of events from God’s initial promise to Abraham that he would become the father of many nations, through the establishment of a covenant with the Israelites led by Moses at Mount Sinai, to the reign of the Davidic kings and the messages of the prophets. A key theme throughout these events is the anticipation of the coming of the Holy Spirit, which was fulfilled on the day of Pentecost. The prophet Ezekiel envisioned the arrival of the Paraclete, a term used to describe the Holy Spirit, whom Christ would send after his resurrection and ascension into heaven.

Ezekiel prophesied that God would open the graves of His people, resurrect them, and bring them back to the land of Israel. This resurrection would signify that the Lord is God, fulfilling His promises. Ezekiel also conveyed that God would place His Spirit within His people, granting them life and restoring them to their own land. This prophecy was fulfilled on Pentecost, when the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles, enabling them to preach the Gospel in various languages. During this event, Peter referenced Ezekiel’s prophecy, asserting that it was being realized in their midst and emphasizing that the promise of the Holy Spirit was available to all who believed in Christ.

Pentecost is a significant event in Christianity, as it represents the fulfillment of biblical prophecies and the establishment of the Church, referred to as the Mystical Body of Christ. This pivotal moment occurred when the Holy Spirit descended upon the disciples who were gathered in the upper room. This group included not only the apostles but also women, Mary (the mother of Jesus), and Jesus’ brethren, all of whom were united in prayer, awaiting the promised gift of the Holy Spirit. Mary played a crucial role in this assembly due to her close relationship with Jesus during His incarnation, emphasizing her importance in the early Christian community.

The descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and the disciples signifies a pivotal moment in the history of Christianity, marking the birth of the Church. This event follows the Holy Spirit’s earlier presence with Mary, emphasizing the connection between the two. The unity and faith of the disciples in Jesus Christ in the upper room played a crucial role in this transformation. Just as the living Word of God was conceived in Mary’s immaculate heart, the disciples received the Holy Spirit, enabling them to embody and spread Jesus’s teachings. This empowerment transformed them, granting them the courage and strength to disseminate the Gospel message worldwide. This marked the beginning of a new era, where the Holy Spirit would continue to guide and work through the Church to facilitate salvation for all believers.

The narrative of the Church begins with the visit of the Angel Gabriel to the Blessed Virgin Mary, who is recognized as the handmaid of the Lord, during the month of Nisan. Gabriel announced to Mary the message of salvation, informing her that she had found favor with God and would conceive the Divine Word in her womb. From the moment of her conception, Mary was filled with the Spirit of God, which overflowed in her heart with abundant grace. While Mary physically conceived Jesus, the world’s savior, the Apostles, and disciples exemplified a spiritual conception of Him. Mary’s pure and unblemished nature is fundamental to the birth of the Church; she serves as the prototype of the Church itself. Without her, the establishment of the Church would not have been possible.

Furthermore, Mary is regarded as the personal spouse of the Holy Spirit, who sanctified the Church through His presence and first filled Mary’s womb with holiness. This relationship symbolizes the nuptial union between Christ and His Church, a union through which believers can find salvation. Mary’s significant role in the Church’s story underscores her as the perfect vessel for Christ’s entry into the world, embodying the love and devotion Christians are encouraged to cultivate for Christ and the Church.

The event of Pentecost holds great significance in the Christian tradition, marking a pivotal moment in the establishment of the Church. It is believed that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was an early participant in this transformative experience, as she was the first to embody the mystical Body of Christ, with Jesus serving as its Head. During Pentecost, the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles, filling them with divine grace and power. This event is often regarded as the official birth of the Church. Yet Mary’s acceptance of God’s will, often called her “Fiat,” reflects her role in this divine plan. She received the grace of the Holy Spirit, which allowed her to embrace her identity as a daughter of God. This relationship enabled her to express a deep, personal connection with God, exemplified by her joyful declaration of “Abba Father,” marking the beginning of the pneumatic church.

The Incarnation refers to the theological concept of God becoming human, which is foundational to the Christian faith. It is crucial to note that without the Incarnation, there would be no Pentecost, the event commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles. Equally important to the Incarnation is the role of the Virgin Mary. Her “Fiat,” or “let it be done,” represents her willing acceptance of God’s plan, akin to a commitment made in marriage. By consenting to the angel Gabriel’s message, Mary became the mother of Jesus, intimately linking her to the divine narrative. When pronouncing her Fiat, she represented the future bride of Christ, which is the Church.

The union between Mary and the Divine Bridegroom through the Holy Spirit resulted in the conception of Jesus. This event, known as the Annunciation, allowed Jesus to enter the world, ultimately leading to the proclamation of the Gospel and the establishment of the sacraments. These sacraments serve as vital signs of the new life believers share with God and are essential components of one’s spiritual journey. The Church commemorates Pentecost annually, emphasizing the Holy Spirit’s transformative power in the lives of the faithful and highlighting Mary’s significant role in salvation history through whom it first began on the Divine initiative.

The origins of the Church can be traced back to the event of the Annunciation, which signifies the onset of the Incarnation. This pivotal moment occurred in the presence of Mary, who exemplified the Immaculate Mother. Within her pure heart, her Divine Son was first conceived before taking physical form in her womb. Mary is often recognized as the ideal “holy and unblemished bride” of Christ, serving as a living representation of the Church, as indicated in Ephesians 5:27. During the Annunciation, the Holy Spirit overshadowed Mary, imparting upon her an abundance of grace due to her steadfast trust and obedience to God. Mary’s heart symbolizes redemption and anticipates the gathering of the redeemed in the upper room, where they would await the promised Holy Spirit, whose arrival would inspire their hearts with the teachings of Christ. Therefore, Mary’s immaculate heart is not only a symbol of purity and devotion to God but also the foundational origin of the Church itself.

Mary plays a central role in the Church’s understanding of the heart of faith. Her acceptance of the divine calling to become the mother of Jesus, the incarnate God, illustrates her profound faith and commitment. Mary demonstrated a deep reflection on God’s words and signs throughout her life, particularly after the angel’s visit, as referenced in Luke 2:19 and 51. Her presence and faith were pivotal during the events that unfolded in the upper room. The Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles, marking the birth of the visible Church. This transformative moment, as highlighted in Acts 2:41, signifies that Mary’s unwavering faith contributed to the conversions and spiritual awakenings that followed. Recognized as the Mother of the Church and linked to all believers through the marriage covenant with her son, Jesus (Jn 2:2-11), Mary serves as a source of inspiration for many.

Mary is often regarded as a symbol of the Church, which was established by her Son, Jesus Christ. She is viewed as an exemplary figure for those who seek to embody faithfulness. Her steadfast faith and profound love for God played a crucial role in the Incarnation, as it was through her consent that God’s only Son became man, facilitated by the power of the Holy Spirit. By agreeing to this divine plan, Mary became the mother of many believers, spiritually born through the Church and influenced by the Holy Spirit that once overshadowed her. Her life is seen as a fulfillment of biblical prophecies, particularly those pertaining to restoration, as foretold by the prophet Isaiah. It is believed that Mary’s soul was filled with divine life through the Holy Spirit, and there is an expectation that this same Spirit will work alongside her to initiate transformative change in the world, particularly in the eschatological times (See the cosmic battle between the Woman and the Dragon in Revelation 12).

I delight to do Your will, O my God;
Your Law is within my heart.
Psalm 40, 8

The prophets, including Ezekiel, predicted the arrival of a new era known as the New Dispensation, which would replace the Old Covenant. This new period was envisioned to encompass a faithful remnant of Israel and Gentiles who would unite with them in a heavenly kingdom, identified as the Church of the New Testament. Unlike the Old Covenant, which was primarily a system of rules and regulations, the Christian ethic is rooted in the embodiment of love through the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit serves as the guiding force for believers, inspiring and motivating them to live out their faith. Consequently, the Christian ethic is understood not as a set of teachings to be learned but as a divine Presence to be embraced. The Holy Spirit played a significant role in motivating Mary, who is recognized as the first among God’s newly chosen people.

Mary is often viewed as a key figure within the Church, symbolizing the living members of Christ’s mystical body who are baptized and adhere to the true faith. Her faithfulness and obedience to God’s will serve as an inspiration for all Christians. She conceived the Word of God in her womb through her faithful collaboration with the Holy Spirit, exemplifying a life that mirrors that of her Divine Son, Jesus Christ. Mary is regarded as favored by God due to her openness to the Spirit. She was chosen to be the mother of God incarnate because she embodied the spirit of the law—the natural law of love and freedom that God has inscribed in every human heart. By adhering to this commandment of love, Mary could dwell in God, akin to the faithful disciples of her Son who fulfill their baptismal vows by following the commandments of love. This principle is supported by scripture, specifically in passages such as Matthew 22:37-40 and 1 John 4:16.

Mary is recognized as a significant figure within Christianity. She is believed to have been filled with the Holy Spirit, which prepared her to bear Jesus. This is understood as an act of God’s sanctifying grace that transformed her heart, making her a suitable vessel for His presence. There was a profound unity between Mary and the Holy Spirit, highlighting her role as a true daughter of God who maintained a covenant with her people. Unlike many of her contemporaries, Mary did not rely solely on the religious teachings of her elders but developed a direct and personal relationship with God. She is often seen as having God Himself as her spiritual guide, allowing her to listen and respond to divine instruction with exceptional spiritual discernment. Mary’s receptiveness to the Holy Spirit is viewed as a guiding force in her life, directing her to live following God’s will and free from sin. Her heart is characterized as pure and unblemished, reflecting a life immersed in God’s love. This openness allowed her to internalize and embody the teachings she received, significantly influencing her spiritual journey and her role in the Incarnation and birth of the Church.

Mary’s story holds significant importance in Christian theology. She is regarded as the mother of Jesus Christ, who is understood to be the Divine Word made flesh. Her acceptance of God’s will played a crucial role in the miraculous birth of the Son of God. Mary is often celebrated for her genuine and profound faith, recognized by the Holy Spirit, and she is esteemed as a daughter of God who exemplifies devotion. The inception of the Church is linked to Mary’s pivotal declaration of her willingness to embrace God’s plan, famously stating, “May it be done to me according to thy word.” This statement underscores her unwavering faith and trust in God’s intentions for her life. However, Mary’s narrative extends beyond her individual experience and serves as a foundation for understanding the broader themes of faith and obedience in the Christian tradition.

The relationship between Mary and the Church is deeply intertwined, rooted in the faith and love that Mary exemplified. The presence of the Holy Spirit within Mary enabled her to conceive Jesus, and this same Spirit invites us into a relationship with the Father and grants us life as members of Christ’s mystical Body. The mystery surrounding Mary closely parallels that of the Church. Mary’s total submission to God’s will and her unwavering faith and love serve as foundational elements for the Church. Had Mary not trusted in God or allowed the Holy Spirit to work within her, the birth of Christ would not have occurred, and consequently, the world would lack redemption. Therefore, it is essential for believers to reflect on and emulate the faithfulness of Mary to fully embrace the gift of redemption.

Mary exemplified humility, which played a significant role in her spiritual journey. Her demeanor reflected a childlike dependence on her Father for all her spiritual needs. She thoughtfully considered the teachings she received, holding them close to her heart and valuing the wisdom that was revealed to her. The Holy Spirit’s influence over Mary was evident in her willingness to follow His guidance in fulfilling divine intentions. Her approach to life was marked by genuine freedom, as she embodied the divine image in which she was originally created. As a woman of profound faith, Mary lived in accordance with God’s will, demonstrating a deep harmony with the spiritual path laid out for her.

Mary, known as the Handmaid of the Lord, plays a significant role in Christian faith and practice. She is recognized as the first person to actively participate in her Son’s mission, contributing to humanity’s spiritual welfare. She demonstrated profound love and devotion through her acceptance of God’s will to become Jesus’s mother. Mary remained with her Son throughout His earthly life and was present during His crucifixion at Calvary, underscoring her importance in the narrative of salvation. Her presence at the Cross is viewed as essential for humanity’s redemption. From the moment of Jesus’ sacrifice, the symbols of blood and water are believed to represent justification and spiritual rebirth, which together signify the birth of the Church. This demonstrates how Mary’s unwavering support and faith were crucial in establishing a united body of Christian believers.

Mary’s strength and courage were truly remarkable, particularly during the time of her Son’s crucifixion. She stood beneath the Cross, united in her suffering with her Son’s anguish due to sin. Her unwavering faith and love for God enabled her to endure this great trial, and because of her, we have a model for how to live out our faith in times of great adversity. Without the Blessed Virgin Mary, no Disciple could have stood with her as a fellow pilgrim of faith, rejoicing in God’s salvation despite the great trials. Mary’s example shows us that we, too, can persevere through difficult times with faith and love and that through God’s grace, we can achieve salvation.

Shall not Zion say:
This man and that man is born in her,
and the Highest himself hath founded her?
Psalm 87, 5

Early Sacred Tradition

St. Irenaeus (A.D. 188)
Against Heresies, V:19,1

“For as Eve was seduced by the word of an angel to flee from God, having rebelled against His
Word, so Mary by the word of an angel received the glad tidings that she would bear God by
obeying his Word. The former was seduced to disobey God, but the latter was persuaded to
obey God, so that the Virgin Mary might become the advocate of the virgin Eve. As the human
race was subjected to death through [the act of] virgin, so it was saved by a virgin.”

St. Gregory Thaumaturgus (262 A.D.)
On the Holy Mother of God

“Holy and wise in all things was the all-blessed Virgin, peerless among all nations,
and unrivalled among women. Not as the first virgin Eva, who alone in the garden, was
in her weak mind led astray by the serpent; and so took his advice and brought death into the
world; and because of that hath been all the suffering of saints. But in her alone, in this Holy
Virgin Mary, the Stem of Life hath shot up for us. For she alone was spotless in soul and body.”

St. Gregory of Nyssa (A.D. 371)
On Virginity, 2

“It was, to divulge by the manner of His Incarnation this great secret; that purity is the only
complete indication of the presence of God and of His coming, and that no one can, in reality,
secure this for himself, unless he has altogether estranged himself from the passions of the
flesh. What happened in the stainless Mary when the fullness of the Godhead which was in
Christ shone out through her, that happens in every soul that leads by rule the virgin life.”

St. Basil (A.D. 377)
 To the Sozopolitans, Epistle 261

“And if the God-bearing flesh was not ordained to be assumed
of the lump of Adam, what need was there of the Holy Virgin?”

St. Ambrose (A.D. 377)
On Virginity, 2:15

“The first thing which kindles ardour in learning is the greatness of the teacher. What is
greater than the Mother of God? What more glorious than she whom Glory Itself chose? What
more chaste than she who bore a body without contact with another body? For why should I
speak of her other virtues? She was a virgin not only in body but also in mind, who stained the
sincerity of its disposition by no guile, who was humble in heart, grave in speech, prudent in
mind, sparing of words, studious in reading, resting her hope not on uncertain riches, but on
the prayer of the poor, intent on work, modest in discourse; wont to seek not man but God as
the judge of her thoughts, to injure no one, to have goodwill towards all, to rise up before her
elders, not to envy her equals, to avoid boastfulness, to follow reason, to love virtue.”

St. Jerome (A.D. 384)
To Eustochium, Epistle 22:19,38

‘There shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a flower shall grow out of his roots.’
The rod is the mother of the Lord–simple, pure, unsullied; drawing no germ of life from
without but fruitful in singleness like God Himself…Set before you the blessed Mary, whose
surpassing purity made her meet to be the mother of the Lord.”

St. Epiphanius (Ante A.D. 403)
Panarion, 30:31

“Mary, the holy Virgin, is truly great before God and men.
For how we shall not proclaim her great, who held within her
the uncontainable One, whom neither heaven nor earth can contain?”

St. Augustine (A.D. 415) 
Nature and Grace, 36:42

“We must except the holy Virgin Mary, concerning whom I wish to raise no question when it
touches the subject of sins, out of honour to the Lord; for from Him we know what abundance
of grace for overcoming sin in every particular was conferred upon her who had the merit to
conceive and bear Him who undoubtedly had no sin.”

St. Cyril of Alexandria (A.D. 431)
Homily 11 at the Council of Ephesus

“Hail, Mary, you are the most precious creature in the whole world;
hail, Mary, uncorrupt dove; hail, Mary, inextinguishable lamp;
for from you was born the Sun of justice…
through you, every faithful soul achieves salvation.”

AVE MARIA